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 Alcohol:
Alcohols make good fuels because
they burn easily and they
release a lot of heat energy,
which can be harnessed to power
machines etc...
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Fractional
Distillation:
Fractional distillation
is the process of
heating up a mixture
containing different
substances with
different boiling
points, and drawing the
different fractions off
as they each boil and
liquefy, etc. |
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Alkenes:
The general formula for
alkenes is as follows:
CnH2n (where "n" is a
constant) Alkenes are
unsaturated hydrocarbons
because they contain a
double bond between two
of their carbon, etc. |
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Alkanes:
The general formula for
alkanes is as follows:
CnH2n+2 (where "n" is
a constant) The first
ten members of the
homologous series of the
alkanes are: CH4, etc.
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Organic
Chemicals:
Organic chemistry is the
study of carbon
compounds. The number of
different organic
compounds which are
known is well over 1
million and these
compounds vary in
properties, etc. |
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Carbon
Cycle:
The carbon cycle is
simply the process by
which Carbon Dioxide is
put into and removed
from the atmosphere.
This process is very
finely balanced to keep
the percentage of CO2 in
the atmosphere at 0.03,
etc. |
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Water
Purification:
There are 3 main
processes undertaken in
the water purifying
process: Filtration
Bacterial Oxidation
Chlorine Treatment The
different stages are
listed in more detail
below: etc. |
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Water
Softening:
Temporary Hard Water This is
caused by calcium or magnesium
hydrogen-carbonate. It can be
removed by boiling the water.
Ca(HCO3)2 (aqueous) ---->
CaCO3 (solid) + H2, etc.
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Hard Water:
Hard water does not produce as
much lather as soft water when
it is used with soap and also an
insoluble solid called scum is
left on the sides of the wash
basin. Calcium chloride,
Magnesium nitrate, etc.
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Scum
Formation:
Soap contains salts such as
sodium stearate and sodium
palmitate and when calcium ions
in hard water mix with soap, a
precipitate of calcium stearate
/ calcium palmitate is formed.
etc. |
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Thermal Decomposition A
single substance is
broken down by heating.
A good example of this
is the cracking of
hydrocarbons.
Displacement When one
more reactive element
pushes another less
reactive |
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Chemical
Changes:
Thermal Decomposition A
single substance is
broken down by heating.
A good example of this
is the cracking of
hydrocarbons. etc.
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Electrolysis:
This is the (chemical)
process by which a compound in
its molten state is decomposed
to form its elements. Some of
its uses are as follows:
Extraction of reactive metals
from their ore. e.g. - alumin,
etc. |
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Ion
Analysis:
Testing for Cations
Cations are positively
charged (+) ions. There
are 2 basic tests for
them: Flame test Adding
NaOH (aq) to solution of
ionic compound The flame
test involves a clean
nichrome |
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Bonding:
Metallic Bonding This occurs in
metals and is when electrons are
given out from the metal atoms
to make a "sea" of free
electrons in between all of the
metal atoms.
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Important
Ions:
The table below lists
some important ions that
you should really know
about: Name of Ion
Formula Hydroxide OH (-)
Carbonate CO3 (-2), etc. |
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Reactivity
Series:
The following list shows
how reactive different
elements are in relation
to each other. This is a
shortened list but
contains most of the
elements that you need
to know about.
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